Safi al-Din Urmawi: Kitab al-Adwar (Roles Book) (d. 1294) Baghdad.
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Taken from: Music of a Thousand Years; A New History of Persian Musical Traditions by Ann E. Lucas.
Know that every shadd (1) has an effect in the soul (nafs), pleasing but different. Some have the effect of strength and bravery and expansion and those are Oshshaq (2) and Busalik (3), and Nava (4); and that is why they are pleasing to the Turks and the Habasheh and the Zanj who reside in the mountains. However, Rast (5) and Nawruz (6) and ‛Iraq and Isfahan have a cheering and pleasant affect, while Bozorg (7) and Rahavi (8) and Zirafkand (9) and Zanguleh (10) and Husayni (11) have the effect of a type of sorrow and fear.
(1) melodic modes.
(2) Oshshaq : melodic mode in traditional Iranian music; with emotion of lovers.
(3) Busalik: melodic mode in traditional Iranian music but name derived from Abu Salik.
(4) Nava: persian word for sound. A music genre of NE Iran.
(5) Rast: thousand year old prime mode in Persian, Arab, Turkish music.
(6) Nawruz: a Persian musical term and indicative of the celebratory emotional state
(7) Bozorg : musical term meaning great.
(8) Rahavi: Religious spiritual joy.
(9) Zirafkand: technical term; omitting the higher string.
(10) Zanguleh: little bell.
(11) Husayni: melodic mode derived from personal name.