Alexander travelling; from a manuscript from Ibrahim Ahmedi at the French Nat. Library

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Tajuddin Ibrahim Ahmedi:
Iskender-Name (Story of Alexander)
(d1413) Anatolian Ottoman
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Taceddin Ahmedi, in full Taceddin (Taj ad-Din) İbrahim ibn Hizr Ahmedi, (born 1334?, Anatolia—died 1413, Amasya, Ottoman Empire), one of the greatest poets of 14th-century Anatolia. Ahmedi presented the monarch’s son Suleyman Celebi the Iskendername, which is a poem of some 8,000 rhymed couplets (massnavi), in which he uses the legend of Alexander as a framework for discourses on theology, philosophy, and history. The last part is regarded as an important early source for Ottoman history because the poet apparently based it on a very early chronicle that is no longer extant. He mentions Zanzibar and the lucrative trade in the sea of Zanj.
Taken from : The Dublin University Magazine: A Literary and Political Journal 1838

Author is known as Ahmedi; Is a mystic epic poem.

Canto I

Discussion with Greek Sages

Canto II

Darius (1) and Alexander prepare for war but Darius is murdered before the war can start.

Canto III

An Indian ambassador arrives.

Canto IV

Alexander goes to India and starts war with Porus (2)

Canto V

The war continues and Alexander kills a dragon.

Canto VI

Alexander goes to China.
Canto VII

Alexander sets out for Zanguebar and reaches the mountain of snakes; from thence he proceeds to the island of Quackquack (3), so called because the fruits on the trees of the island are birds which, by an instinctive intelligence, cry out Quack, quack, whenever a traveler visits the place. And from thence he sails to the island of Atvarib (4), the inhabitants of which have dogs’ heads. The poet minutely describes the crab and the musk-deer, and furnishes a reason for the phosphorescence of organised bodies, and especially of dead fish. He gives an account of men who haves fishes heads, and fish who have human heads, and describes a singular animal which swims by day, and flies by night. He goes to Java; he builds the city of Serendib (5), and then sails to the island of Sulamit; proceeds from thence to the Valley of Diamonds, and then sails up the Indian Archipelago, until he reaches a great Mountain of Wonders, in the centre of which is a crystal palace, protected by forty eight talismans. Finally, he goes again to China, and arriving at Shadkiam (6), the capital, which contains a dense population of magicians, genii, and philosophers, he enters into a discussion with the latter on the essential properties of bodies, which is prolonged to the close of the canto.

Canto VIII

He goes to Cashmere and constructs the wall of Gog and Magog (7) ...................................

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Canto XII

With his army he reaches the land of Darkness, where his soldiers get scattered and perish in the wilderness. Finally he himself lays dyeing in a tent.

The last illustration shows his mother weeping. 

Alexander fighting the black people of Fur in Sind. (from this ms)


Taken from: Ahmedî İSKENDER-NÂME editor Dr. Yaşar AKDOĞAN

(in Osmanlica- Ottoman language)

 

Verses 2825-7

From Rum to Zeng big profits are made

Embroideries made in China sought for in Rum

 

Musk arriving from the sea comes in and goes

Brocade filled with pearls from China is plentiful

 

Made in Rum brought to Hindustan

In the seas of the Hindi and Zengi clime

One more picture from this manuscript.
One more picture from this manuscript.

The importance of this book for East Africa.

Reading the abstract of the seventh chapter it is clear that it has a lot in common with Qazwini’s description of the wonders in the Sea of the Zanj.

Unfortunately we still do not have a detailed translation of the text. In the iskendername manuscript from Istanbul Topkapi Palace Library H 679 fol 188b we have a painting of Iskander seizes the crystal castle guarded by dog-headed creatures. In an article: Islamic Archaeology in the Comoros The Swahili and the Rock Crystal Trade with the Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates by Stephane Pradines; it is stated that at Dembeni on one of the Comore islands (Mayotte) small rock crystal pieces are found scattered around coming from Madagascar and being transhipped to the Muslim world on the island. This trade in Dembeni had stopped already long-time when this book was written. But just like in some copies of Qazwini there is a crystal palace here.  Pradines argues that the dog-headed creatures are the lemurs from Madagascar.

 

The few verses taken out of the edition by Dr. Yaşar AKDOĞAN also make clear that trade along the East African coast was big profit.


One more copy of this scene; from a MS found in India.
One more copy of this scene; from a MS found in India.

(1) Darius: Darius III ( c. 380 – 330 BC) In 334 BC, Alexander the Great began his invasion of the Persian Empire. Before Alexander caught Darius he was killed by his relative Bessus.

(2) Porus: ancient Indian king, in the Punjab region of India. Porus unsuccessfully fought against Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC).

(3) Quackquack: sometimes in East Africa; here however a mythical island.

(4) Atvarib, the inhabitants of which have dogs’ heads: In an article: Islamic Archaeology in the Comoros The Swahili and the Rock Crystal Trade with the Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates by Stephane Pradines; Pradines argues that the dog-headed creatures are the lemurs from Madagascar.

(5) Serendib: in Sumatra.

(6) Shadkiam: Shad-u-kiam literally pleasure and love; originally the capital of Djinnestan (Djini-stan).

(7) wall of Gog and Magog: high North of the globe. And the wall is built by Alexander.