A miniature painting from the second mss. It shows the Negus granting assylum to early Muslims.
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Rashid al-Din Fazlallah; Mukatabati -i Rashidi
(Letters of Rashidi) (d1318) Iran 
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Rashid al-Din Tabib, also known as Rashid al-Din Faḍlullah Hamadan, (1247–1318) was a statesman, historian and physician in Ilkhanate-ruled Iran. The Jami al-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) was the history from Adam to Rashid al-Din's time. Authorship of his Letters: whether Rashid al-Din's Letters are a forgery or not; Alexander Morton has shown them to be a forgery, probably from the Timurid period. One scholar who has attempted to defend the letters' authenticity is Abolala Soudovar.

 

Taken from : J.A. Boyle : The Cambridge History of Iran Vol 5

 

The writer of this book worked as a pharmacist-botanicus  to e.g. visit India in search of Indian herbs and medicines for Il Khani  (Mongol emperor in Persia)

 

Rashid al Din employed 1000 (500 men and 500 women) and 200 (100 men and 100 women) enslaved prisoners (asiran va ghulaman) respectively in the great gardens Fathabad and Rashidabad near Tabriz - Georgians, negroes (zanj) , Abyssinians, Greeks, and Kurds who showed zeal in the planting of the vine and of fruit frees, in the digging of channels underground (qanavat) and on the surface (anbar), in the watering and gathering of fruit.

Irrigating a garden (Picture from a Hamzanama)
Irrigating a garden (Picture from a Hamzanama)

Taken from : The Cambridge Economic history of India I by Tapan Raychaudhuri (Editor), Irfan Habib (Editor)

Hamdard Islamicus: quarterly journal of the Hamdard National Foundation by Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan 1984 p88
Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan by Linda Komaroff

In defense of Rasid-al-din and his Letters. Studia Iranica. 32: 77–122 Soudovar, Abolala (2003).

 

Rashid al-Din Tabib also Rashid al-Din Fadhl-allah Hamadani (1247–1318)

Mokatebat e Rashidi or Mashe'at e Rashidi is a collection of 53 letters from Rashideddin.

 

Letter 48 

(A letter written by Malik Ala al-Din Khalji (r. 1296-1316 C.E.Sultan of Delhi) to the Wazir of the Ilkhanid ruler of Persia, Rashid al-Din.)

However Soudovar argues that the writer was not the Sultan from Delhi but the commander from Kerman and the coastal provinces.

The writer expresses his joy for receiving a letter from Rashid al Din which has alleviated the grief he feels at being separated from his friend. He is grateful for the accompanying presents. Rashid al Dins solicitude for the weak and the effort he has expended on establishing good relations between Sultan Ala al-Din and his own king are praised. He greatly desires that they should meet again. A list of presents for Rashid al-Din, which have been sent with merchants to Basra follows.

It provides a list of commodities mainly either produced in the vicinity of the great ports of Gujarat (1) or transshipped there. Some material in the collection in which this document is produced is clearly unauthentic, but current scholarly opinion would assign the forgeries or alterations to a date before 1400. We cannot therefore take on trust the absolute quantities of the items said to have been dispatched, ranging from diamonds weighing 2.29 and 4.58 g. to 38.52 metric tons of teak-wood but the list provides some guide as to relative quantities. The sources of the commodities are frequently noted. 

- Textiles, some noted as from Cambay (2)

- Precious stones; diamonds weighing 2.29 and 4.58 g

-Perfumes,

-Exotic birds and animals: parrots (tuti), Zag-e hendi-ye sokhan guy (myna bird from India) with the African zebra (re-exported from India) and an orang-outang, the most exotic items on the list

-Conserves and pickles,

-Spices and drugs, the last category totaling 29.25 metric tons. Among them is a very early reference to the export of a small quantity of Chinese tea and tamr-e hendi (tamarind from India)

-Furnishings include pillows and quilts, and mats of applique leather (from Gujarat) (1)

-Fragrant oils,

-Thirteen gold vessels (one described as of Bengal workmanship),

-500 vessels of Chinese porcelain,-lajvard (3) (blue and white) dishes and drinking-bowls; royal bowls (larger ones) with floral designs; big sherbet-bowls with seven color decoration; wine-ewers in lajvard (3) ornamented with gold designs, and lajvard saucers and flat dishes 

-Thirty Martaban (4) jars of pickles

-Four varieties of fruit, including 3,000 coconuts.

-Items of wood and bone, 38.52 metric tons of teak, ebony, and saj-e hendi (5): red sandalwood (from India); and elephant ivory, 'the teeth of the lion-fish', and 'beaks of the samandar'. They probably refer to walrus ivory, the most likely source for which is Kamchatka (6); and to the beak of the crested hornbill (rhinoplex vigil).

(the letter ends:)

May the white sheet of days and the pages of passing years be marked by the official signet of the one whom I serve.

 

Rashid al-din Fadl Allah; Jami al-tawarikh

(Compendium of Chronicles) (1310)

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Taken from: Rashid al-Din’s history of India: collected essays with facsimiles and indices By Rashid al-Din Ṭabib, Karl Jahn

Taken from: Wikipedia

Taken from: Die indiengeschichte des rasid ad-din / Karl Jahn Wien, 1980 120 S. Text, 80 Tafeln /Mss + german translation
(from here the page numbers are taken)

 

The Jami al-tawarikh consists of:

1. Ta’rikh-i Ghazani,(11)

The Mongol and Turkish tribes: their history, genealogies and legends

2. Second part: The reign of Oljeitu (12) /Adam and the patriarchs/pre-Islamic Persia/Muhammad and the Caliphs/Islamic
dynasties of Persia/Turks /Chinese/ Jews/ Franks/ Indians.

3. The Shu’ab-i panjganah (genealogies, of the Arabs, Jews, Mongols, Franks, and Chinese).

4. The Suwar al-akalim, a geographical compendium. (is lost)

 

p25-26

In the south you have that the cultivated land stretches till the sea who is on both sides with the muhit connected. Many
people reach this area. The inhabited area there has no end as it is has many big and small islands. In these areas live all
the blacks of the West, and the Mountains of the Moon, where the sources of the Nile are also situated here. And the islands
of all different negro tribes are also there. And the Sea has in the West several Gulfs: The Gulf of Berbera, the Red Sea, and
the Persian Gulf, who stretches inside the Arabian lands to the two streams. In the western half as well as in the eastern half
and in the North it reaches the continent and also the land of the Zeng. And this sea is everywhere called according to the
countries.

p31

The Brahmans can eat the meat of the Ganda (7). The Ganda can wound the elephants with his horn and destroy them. One
thinks that it is the same as the Karkadan (Rhino) of which there are many in Sufalah of the Zanj. The Kark is in the language of the Zanj impila, he has on his head a conical horn large but short. In the middle black but outside white. He also has another
horn who is longer then the former one. When he grabs an animal he puts this horn up and sharpens it on stones before
attacking.

p34

The islands in the western part are the islands of the Zendj (Negroes) and those in the middle are the islands of Ramu and the Diva Islands. (Maldives and Lacadive) to which belongs also the Komair islands (the Comoros?)......the islands are divided into two classes, according to the nature of their staple product. Those of one class are called Diva- Kuzah (or the cowry Divas) (Diva isles means isles of the middle) because of the cowries which are gathered from coco- tree branches planted in the sea. The others are called Diva- kanbar (13) from the word kanbar signifying the cord plaited from the fiber of the coco-tree with which they stitch their ships together...... The Islands of Al wakwak (14) belongs to the Kumair islands.................The inhabitants of Wakwak island are black in color. People fetched from there the black ebony wood, it is the centre-wood of the tree the other parts are thrown away, while the kinds of wood called mulamma and shauhaf and the yellow sandal-wood are brought from the country of the Zandj.     

A coconut tree and under an ebony tree as illustration only (and not taken out of this manuscript).

p35

And in the same way the road continues to Uman, Zufar (8), and the city of Aden, which is the port of the coast of the Arabs. From there the coast of Egypt and Said-I a’ala (Upper Egypt); from here the road goes to Mukadisu (Mogodishu) and the coast of Ethiopia, the Zengi and the Berber and the Sudan-al-Arab. Between them is a horrifying dept (canal) of Kanbayat (9), where many ships perish. The people there speak Arab. They became Muslim in 660 AH (10) and they do not have a common king. In everyplace is a Sheik the headman and ruler. And is as such recognized by everybody. Amber, Ivory, Ebony, the skins of Berber-leopards and other precious materials are imported from there. On its islands are many elephants. From there one reaches the land of the Zengi, the Ethiopans, to Kumairah and the islands of Sab.

p100

The people of Habash and some of the Zanj races are all Buddhist.

Note: Although this is not true among the Habash; it might well have been through among the dark people of South
East Asia.

(1) Gujarat: in northwestern India.

(2) Cambay; Kanbaya: Cambay in the Indian state of Gujarat.

(3) Lajvard: Lapis lazuli or lajvard (blue) gem.

(4) Martaban: Mottama; formerly Martaban (in Myanmar). It was the capital of the Martaban Kingdom from 1287 to 1364.

(5) saj-e hendi: Teak wood from Hind.

(6) Kamchatka: The Kamchatka Peninsula is in the Russian Far East.

(7)Ganda: found with Al Marvazi (1120); Al-Biruni (1050); Rashid al-Din Fazlallah (1318).

(8) Zufar: Dhofar: province in Oman

(9) Kanbayat: Cambay

(10) They became Muslim in 660 AH (1262AD) and they do not have a common king: This date is close to the change of the Shirazi dynasty to the Mahdali dynasty in Kilwa (1277).

(11) Tarikh-i mubarak-i Ghazani (The Blessed History of Ghazan) is an invaluable source for the early history of the Mongol Empire. Begun in 1302 by Rashid al-Din,[1] doctor and vizier to Ilkhanid rulers Ghazan Khan (r. 1295–1304) and his brother Oljeitu Sultan (r. 1304–16).

(12) Oljeitu Sultan (r. 1304–16).

(13) this is repeated from Al-Biruni (1050) Teareikh al-India; and his Al Biruni; Al-Tafh im li-aw a'il sin a'at al-tanj im; and his Kitab al-Jamahir fi ma’rifat al-Jawahir.

(14) in the books three different places are called Waqwaq: in South-East Africa; in Indonesia; around Japan. Here East Africa is meant.